As pet parents, it’s our job to care for our dogs’ physical and mental health — and to teach them to be well-behaved members of the family. Whether you have a puppy or a senior dog, training matters: it provides enrichment and mental stimulation, and strengthens the bond between you. Let’s look at how dogs learn, how to get started, and how to handle common problems.
How dogs learn
After a behaviour, a dog feels either good or bad. If they feel good, they’re likely to repeat it; if bad, they avoid it. For this to work, the reward or consequence must come immediately after the behaviour.
Reinforcement (to encourage a behaviour)
- Positive reinforcement should be the basis of all dog training: give something of high value (a favourite treat) immediately after a desired behaviour — for example, a treat after your puppy toilets outdoors or sits on command. It’s highly effective and builds a strong bond.
- Negative reinforcement removes an unpleasant stimulus after the wanted behaviour (e.g. releasing gentle pressure once a dog sits).
Punishment (to discourage a behaviour)
- Positive punishment adds an unpleasant stimulus (prong or shock collars). This can cause fear, anxiety and aggression and is not recommended.
- Negative punishment removes something desired — e.g. stopping play when a puppy nips.
Puppy training 101
House-training
- Choose a potty spot and give lots of opportunities to use it. A cue word like “go potty” helps. Reward with treats and praise immediately after they go.
- Crate training isn’t required but is very useful — a correctly sized crate gives your puppy a safe space and they’ll avoid soiling it. Go slowly and keep it positive (feed meals and treats inside).
- Timing: take your pup out every two hours, and always after waking, leaving the crate, eating, or a big play session. Feed at consistent times and remove food and water before bed.
- Accidents are normal — never punish them. If you catch them mid-act, a firm “no” to interrupt, then carry them to the right spot and reward if they finish there. Found it later? Just clean it up with an enzymatic cleaner and move on.
Socialisation
Puppies have a key socialisation period between about 3 and 14 weeks — the best time for a puppy class and safe, positive exposure to new people, experiences and environments. Socialising with other animals should be discussed with your vet, as young puppies aren’t fully protected until their vaccines are complete.
Handling and vet visits
Get your puppy used to being handled — gently touch paws and ears, then reward. Pop into the vet between appointments for treats and fuss to build a positive association. Choose a vet who uses fear-free techniques.
Training tips
- Teach new behaviours in a calm, quiet place first, then add distractions as your dog improves.
- Find what motivates your dog — often a favourite treat, with higher-value items (cheese, hot dog) for tricky exercises.
- Keep sessions short and positive, especially with puppies, and end on a win. Use games and play.
- A clicker or marker word can help signal the exact moment your dog gets it right.
Basic commands worth teaching
Sit · Down · Stay · Come (recall) · Watch me · Leave it · Drop it · Loose-leash walking · Settle / go to your place. Sit is a great foundation — make it your dog’s way of saying “please.” A reliable recall is especially important for off-leash safety; for pullers, try a chest-clip harness or head halter.
Problem behaviours
Behavioural issues are extremely common, even in well-trained dogs. For concerns like excessive barking, reactivity or separation anxiety, consult your vet first — they can rule out medical causes and build a plan that may include training, environment changes, medication, or referral to a trainer or veterinary behaviourist.
Going further
Once the basics are solid, keep learning together — the Canine Good Citizen test, tricks, advanced obedience, agility, scent work and therapy work are all great options.
Conclusion
Training isn’t just responsible ownership — it gives your dog stimulation, enjoyment and enrichment. With positive reinforcement it’s a fun activity that strengthens your bond. You can train on your own, but a trusted trainer or class is hugely helpful — and your vet is always a good resource if you have concerns.
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